Shunt circuit, charging system and integrated circuit

ABSTRACT

A shunt circuit includes: a shunt resistor; a transistor connected in parallel to a storage element via the shunt resistor; a first OP amplifier configured to compare a battery voltage supplied to the storage element with a detection voltage; and a second OP amplifier configured to shunt a shunt current from a charging current supplied from a charging unit when the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage. The detection voltage is increased step by step, and the shunt current is increased whenever the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-273273, filed on Dec. 14, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a shunt circuit, a charging system and an integrated circuit.

BACKGROUND

Conventionally, there have been proposed techniques for collectively charging a plurality of serial-connected cells (lithium ion battery cells or the like) to achieve resource savings of a charging system. Such a charging scheme may result in cell overcharging due to mismatching of a balance of the cells. Thus, there has been known a shunt resistance scheme as a means for preventing such cell overcharging.

However, in some cases, such a conventional shunt resistance scheme may not prevent cell overcharging since this scheme is configured to flow a shunt current only by an operation of a switch. For example, if a cell is deteriorated due to aging, an increase in a battery voltage supplied to the cell cannot be sufficiently suppressed, which may result in overcharging of the cell. In particular, since a lifetime of a lithium ion battery cell may be shortened due to overcharging, there is a need to prevent the overcharging.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides some embodiments of a shunt circuit which can prevent cells from being overcharged, a charging system and an integrated circuit.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a shunt circuit including: a shunt resistor; a transistor connected in parallel to a storage element via the shunt resistor; a first OP amplifier configured to compare a battery voltage supplied to the storage element with a detection voltage; and a second OP amplifier configured to drive the transistor to shunt a shunt current from a charging current when the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage, wherein the detection voltage is increased step by step, and the shunt current is increased whenever the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a shunt circuit including: a shunt resistor; a transistor connected in parallel to a storage element via the shunt resistor; and a second OP amplifier configured to drive the transistor to shunt a shunt current from a charging current when a battery voltage reaches a detection voltage, wherein the shunt current is increased whenever the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a charging system including: a charging unit configured to generate a charging current; a plurality of storage elements connected in series to the charging unit; and a plurality of shunt circuits which are connected respectively in parallel to the plurality of storage cells and are configured to shunt a shunt current from the charging current when a battery voltage supplied to the storage elements reaches a detection voltage, wherein the shunt circuits increase the detection voltage step by step and, at the same time, increase the shunt current whenever the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided an integrated circuit equipped with any one of the above-described shunt circuits.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit.

FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system including the shunt circuit.

FIG. 3 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the shunt circuit of the charging system.

FIGS. 4A to 4C are graphs schematically showing waveform examples of a battery voltage, a battery current, and a shunt current, respectively, in the charging system.

FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit according to a first embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system including the shunt circuit according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the shunt circuit of the charging system according to the first embodiment.

FIGS. 8A to 8C are graphs schematically showing waveform examples of a battery voltage, a battery current, and a shunt current, respectively, in the charging system according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit according to a second embodiment.

FIG. 10A is a schematic circuit block diagram of the neighborhood of a first OP amplifier in the shunt circuit according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 10B is a schematic circuit block diagram of the neighborhood of a second OP amplifier in the shunt circuit according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system including the shunt circuit according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the shunt circuit of the charging system according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit according to a third embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system including the shunt circuit according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the shunt circuit of the charging system according to the third embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Throughout the drawings, the same or similar elements are denoted by the same or similar reference numerals. It is however noted that the drawings are just schematic and relationships between thickness and planar dimension of elements, thickness ratios of various layers and so on may be unrealistic. Accordingly, details of thickness and dimensions should be determined in consideration of the following description. In addition, it is to be understood that the figures include different dimensional relationships and ratios.

The following embodiments are provided to illustrate devices and methods to embody the technical ideas of the present disclosure and are not limited to materials, forms, structures, arrangements and so on of elements detailed herein. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be modified in different ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention defined in the claims.

[Basic Configuration] (Shunt Circuit)

FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit S0. As shown in FIG. 1, the shunt circuit S0 is connected in parallel to a cell C and includes a reference voltage generator 101, an operational (OP) amplifier 102, a transistor 103, resistors R₁₀₁ and R₁₀₂ and a shunt resistor R_(shunt). The cell C is an electricity storage element such as a lithium ion battery cell, an electric double layer capacitor cell, a lithium ion capacitor cell, a SCiB® cell or the like, and is charged/discharged according to predetermined charging characteristics and discharging load characteristics.

When a battery voltage V_(bat) supplied to the cell C reaches a reference voltage V_(ref), the OP amplifier 102 drives the transistor 103 to shunt a shunt current I_(shunt) from a charging current I_(chg). This can limit a battery current I_(bat) flowing into the cell C, thereby preventing an increase in the battery voltage V_(bat).

A dotted line 20 shown in FIG. 1 indicates an area that may be mounted on an integrated circuit such as an LSI (Large Scale Integration). Of course, the shunt resistor R_(shunt) may also be mounted on the LSI.

(Charging System)

FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system 100. As shown in FIG. 2, the charging system 100 includes a charging unit 10 generating the charging current I_(chg), a plurality of cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n), connected in series to the charging unit 10, and a plurality of shunt circuits S0_(—)1, S0_(—)2, S0_(—)3, . . . , S0_n−2, S0_n−1 and S0_n connected respectively in parallel to the plurality of cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n).

The cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n), may be lithium ion battery cells. About 5 to 16 cells may be connected in series. In addition, the same number of shunt circuits S0_(—)1, S0_(—)2, S0_(—)3, S0_n−2, S0_n−1 and S0_n are connected respectively to the plurality of cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n), in parallel.

Each of the cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n) is uniformly stored with charging energy in proportion to the current-time product of the battery current I_(bat). Therefore, after the smallest-capacity cell initially reaches a full charging voltage, charging continues until all of the cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n) reach the full charging voltage.

Therefore, each cell C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n), is provided with a bypass path through which a cell having a battery voltage V_(bat) higher than the full charging voltage is bypassed while a cell having a battery voltage V_(bat) lower than the full charging voltage is being charged, thereby achieving an uniform cell voltage. For example, if the cell C₁ initially reaches the full charging voltage, the shunt circuit S0_(—)1 shunts a shunt current I_(shunt) from the charging current I_(chg) to prevent overcharging of the cell C₁. The same is true of other shunt circuits S0_(—)1, S0_n.

FIG. 3 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the charging system 100. As shown in FIG. 3, the OP amplifier 102 has a non-inverted input terminal connected to both terminals of the cell C₁ via the resistors R₁₀₁ and R₁₀₂ and an inverted input terminal connected to a negative (−) terminal of the cell C₁ via the reference voltage generator 101. The transistor 103 has a drain connected to a positive (+) terminal of the cell C₁ via the shunt resistor R_(shunt), a source connected to the negative terminal of the cell C₁, and a gate connected to an output terminal of the OP amplifier 102.

(Waveform Example)

FIGS. 4A to 4C are graphs schematically showing waveform examples of the battery voltage V_(bat), the battery current I_(bat), and the shunt current, respectively, in the charging system 100.

First, when the charging current I_(chg) generated by the charging unit 10 flows into the cell C₁ as shown in FIG. 4B, the battery voltage V_(bat) increases in proportion to the charging time as shown in FIG. 4A. The OP amplifier 102 compares the battery voltage V_(bat) with the reference voltage V_(ref). Then, when the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the reference voltage V_(ref) after a lapse of time t₁, the transistor 103 is driven. Accordingly, a shunt current I_(shunt1) flows out via the shunt resistor R_(shunt), as shown in FIG. 4C. The shunt current I_(shunt) is expressed by the following equation (1).

I _(shunt) =V _(bat) /R _(shunt)  (1)

When the shunt current I_(shunt1) flows out, the battery current I_(bat) has a value I_(bat1) which corresponds to a subtraction of the shunt current I_(shunt1) from the charging current I_(chg), as shown in FIG. 4B. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 4A, the rising of the battery voltage V_(bat) can be suppressed after the time t₁. Although the description is here given to the cell C₁, it is noted that this description is true of other cells C₂, . . . , C_(n). It is, however, noted that different cell balances provide different slopes of the battery voltage V_(bat).

First Embodiment

A first embodiment will now be described. The same configurations as the basic configuration are denoted by the same reference numerals and explanation of which will not be repeated.

(Shunt Circuit)

FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit S1 according to the first embodiment. The shunt circuit S1 includes a shunt resistor R_(shunt), a transistor 4 connected in parallel to a storage element (cell) C via the shunt resistor R_(shunt), a reference voltage generator 1 which generates a reference voltage V_(ref), a first OP amplifier 2 which compares a battery voltage V_(bat) supplied to the storage element C with a detection voltage V_(chg) that may have two or more predetermined values, and a second OP amplifier 3 which drives the transistor 4 to shunt a shunt current I_(shunt) from a charging current I_(chg) when the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg). In the first embodiment, the detection voltage V_(chg) may be increased step by step whenever the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg), and the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased when the detection voltage V_(chg) is increased.

Further, the shunt circuit S1 includes first sense resistors R₃ and R₄ connected to an input terminal of the first OP amplifier 2, and second sense resistors R₁ and R₂ connected to an input terminal of the second OP amplifier 3. The detection voltage V_(chg) may be increased by changing the resistance of the first sense resistors R₃ and R₄, and the shunt current I_(shunt) may be increased by changing the resistance of the second sense resistors R₁ and R₂.

Assuming that a current value of the shunt current I_(shunt) is I_(shunt), a resistance of the shunt resistor R_(shunt) is R_(shunt), a voltage value of the battery voltage V_(bat) is V_(bat) and resistances of the second sense resistors R₁ and R₂ are R₁ and R₂, respectively, the current value I_(shunt) of the shunt current I_(shunt) may be increased according to the equation of I_(shunt)={[R₂/(R₁+R₂)]V_(bat)}/R_(shunt) by changing the resistance R₁ of the second sense resistor R₁.

Assuming that a voltage value of the detection voltage V_(chg) is V_(chg), a voltage value of the reference voltage V_(ref) supplied to the first OP amplifier 2 is V_(ref) and resistances of the first sense resistors R₃ and R₄ are R₃ and R₄, respectively, the voltage value V_(chg) of the detection voltage V_(chg) may be increased according to the equation of V_(chg)=R4/(R3+R4)·V_(bat)=V_(ref) by changing the resistance R₃ of the first sense resistor R₃.

The shunt resistor R_(shunt) may be connected to a source of the transistor 4.

The storage element C may be one of a lithium ion battery cell, an electric double layer capacitor cell, a lithium ion capacitor cell and a SCiB cell.

The shunt circuit S1 may be mounted on an integrated circuit such as LSI.

As shown in FIG. 5, the shunt circuit S1 according to the first embodiment includes the reference voltage generator 1, the first OP amplifier 2, the second OP amplifier 3, the transistor 4, the resistors R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ and the shunt resistor R_(shunt). While the shunt resistor R_(shunt) is disposed on a shunt line, the resistors R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are disposed on the sense lines. In the following description, the resistors R₃ and R₄ may be referred to as “first sense resistors” and the resistors R₃ and R₄ may be referred to as “second sense resistors.” The resistors R₁ and R₃ are variable resistors but may be simply referred to as resistors.

The first OP amplifier 2 compares the battery voltage V_(bat) with the detection voltage V_(chg). As described above, the detection voltage V_(chg) is calculated based on the reference voltage V_(ref). When the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg), the second OP amplifier 3 drives the transistor 4 to shunt the shunt current I_(shunt) from the charging current I_(chg).

In the first embodiment, the detection voltage V_(chg) is increased step by step, and the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased whenever the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg). This can more limit the battery current I_(bat) than the basic configuration, thereby further preventing an increase in the battery voltage V_(bat). Accordingly, the storage element C can be prevented from being overcharged even when the storage element C is deteriorated with aging.

A dotted line 21 shown in FIG. 5 indicates an area that may be mounted on an LSI (Large Scale Integration). Of course, the shunt resistor R_(shunt) may also be mounted on the LSI.

(Charging System)

FIG. 6 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system 110 according to the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 6, the charging system 110 according to the first embodiment includes a charging unit 10 generating the charging current I_(chg), a plurality of cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n), connected in series to the charging unit 10, and a plurality of shunt circuits S1_(—)1, S1_(—)2, S1_(—)3, S1_n−2, S1_n−1 and S1_n which are connected respectively in parallel to the plurality of cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n), and shunt the shunt current I_(shunt) from the charging current I_(chg). While increasing the detection voltage V_(chg) step by step, the shunt circuits S1_(—)1, S1_(—)2, S1_(—)3, S1_n−2, S1_n−1 and S1_n increases the shunt current I_(shunt) whenever the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg).

FIG. 7 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the charging system 110 according to the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 7, the first OP amplifier 2 has a non-inverted input terminal connected to both terminals of the cell C₁ via the resistors R₃ and R₄ and an inverted input terminal connected to a negative (−) terminal of the cell C₁ via the reference voltage generator 1. The second OP amplifier 3 has a non-inverted input terminal connected to both terminals of the cell C₁ via the resistors R₁ and R₂ and an inverted input terminal connected to the negative (−) terminal of the cell C₁ via the shunt resistor R_(shunt). The transistor 4 has a drain connected to a positive (+) terminal of the cell C₁, a source connected to the negative terminal of the cell C₁ via the shunt resistor R_(shunt), and a gate connected to an output terminal of the second OP amplifier 3.

(Waveform Example)

FIGS. 8A to 8C are graphs schematically showing waveform examples of the battery voltage V_(bat), the battery current I_(bat), and the shunt current I_(shunt), respectively, in the charging system 110 according to the first embodiment.

In the first embodiment, the detection voltage V_(chg) may have at least two values including a first detection voltage V_(chg1) and a second detection voltage V_(chg2) that is higher than the first detection voltage V_(chg1). First, when the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the first detection voltage V_(chg1) with the lapse of time t1 as shown in FIG. 8A, the first OP amplifier 2 transmits a detection signal to the second OP amplifier 3. At this time, the detection voltage V_(chg) is increased from V_(chg1) to V_(chg2) by increasing the resistance of the resistor R₃. Since the detection voltage V_(chg) and the reference voltage V_(ref) have the relationship expressed by the following equation (2), the battery voltage V_(bat) is expressed by the following equation (3).

V _(chg) =R4/(R3+R4)·V _(bat) =V _(ref)  (2)

V _(bat)=(R3+R4)/R4·V _(ref)  (3)

Upon receiving the detection signal, the second OP amplifier 3 drives the transistor 4. Thereby, the shunt current I_(shunt1) flows out via the shunt resistor R_(shunt), as shown in FIG. 8C. When the shunt current I_(shunt1) flows out, the battery current I_(bat) has a value I_(bat1) which corresponds to a subtraction of the shunt current I_(shunt1) from the charging current I_(chg), as shown in FIG. 8B. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 8A, the charging of the battery voltage V_(bat) can be suppressed after time t₁.

In the first embodiment, when the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the second detection voltage V_(chg2) with the lapse of time t₂ as shown in FIG. 8A, the detection voltage V_(chg) may be increased from V_(chg2) to V_(chg3) (not shown) by further increasing the resistance of the resistor R₃. At this time, by decreasing the resistance of the resistor R₁, the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased to I_(shunt2) as shown in FIG. 8C. The shunt current I_(shunt) is expressed by the following equation (4).

I _(shunt) ={[R ₂/(R ₁ +R ₂)]V _(bat) }/R _(shunt)  (4)

When the shunt current I_(shunt2) flows out, the battery current I_(bat) has a value I_(bat2) which corresponds to a subtraction of the shunt current I_(shunt1) from the charging current I_(chg), as shown in FIG. 8B. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 8A, the charging of the battery voltage V_(bat) can be further suppressed after time t₂.

After that, similarly, the resistance of the resistor R₃ and the resistance of the resistor R₁ may be further changed. This step is repeated by the required number of times by which all cells C_(t), C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n) reach the full charging voltage with good balance. This can achieve a charging system having little loss as possible.

As described above, in the first embodiment, the shunt current I_(shunt) can be adjusted to an optimal value depending on the battery voltage V_(bat). That is, while increasing the detection voltage V_(chg) step by step, the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased whenever the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg). This can more limit the battery current I_(bat) than the basic configuration, thereby further preventing the increase in the battery voltage V_(bat). Accordingly, the cells C can be prevented from being overcharged even when the cells C are deteriorated with aging. In addition, the adjustment can be easily made since the resistors R₁ and R₃ on the sense lines only have to be adjusted with no need to adjust the shunt resistor R_(shunt) on the shunt line.

Second Embodiment

A second embodiment will now be described with a stress placed on differences from the first embodiment.

(Shunt Circuit)

FIG. 9 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit S2 according to the second embodiment. In the shunt circuit S2 according to the second embodiment, the first sense resistors R₃ and R₄ and the second sense resistors R₁ and R₂ in the shunt circuit S1 according to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5 are replaced with common resistors R₃₁, R₃₂, R₃₃, R₃₄ and R₃₅.

As shown in FIG. 9, the shunt circuit S2 according to the second embodiment includes a reference voltage generator 1, a first OP amplifier 2, a second OP amplifier 3, a transistor 4, resistors R₃₁, R₃₂, R₃₃, R₃₄ and R₃₅, a shunt resistor R_(shunt) and switches S31 to S38. The resistors R₃₁, R₃₂, R₃₃, R₃₄ and R₃₅ are connected in series and the switches SW31 to SW38 are switched as necessary. This can achieve the simpler configuration having variable resistors similar to the variable resistors R₁ and R₃ in the shunt circuit S1 according to the first embodiment, as will be described below.

FIG. 10A is a schematic circuit block diagram of the neighborhood of the first OP amplifier 2 and FIG. 10B is a schematic circuit block diagram of the neighborhood of the second OP amplifier 3 in the shunt circuit S2 according to the second embodiment. For example, as shown in FIG. 10A, switches SW11 to SW14 are interposed between the first OP amplifier 2 and resistors R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₅ (first sense resistors). One end of each of the switches SW11 to SW14 is connected to a non-inverted input terminal of the first OP amplifier 2. The other ends of the switches SW11 to SW14 are connected between the resistors R₁₁ and R₁₂, between the resistors R₁₂ and R₁₃, between the resistors R₁₃ and R₁₄ and between the resistors R₁₄ and R₁₅, respectively. In this case, when the switches SW11 to SW14 are switched, the resistances of the first sense resistors can be changed.

Specifically, when the switch SW11 is switched on and the other switches SW12, SW13 and SW14 are switched off, the resistor R₁₁ corresponds to the resistor R₃ in the first embodiment and the resistors R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₅ correspond to the resistor R₄ in the first embodiment. When the switch SW12 is switched on and the other switches SW11, SW13 and SW14 are switched off, the resistors R₁₁ and R₁₂ correspond to the resistor R₃ in the first embodiment and the resistors R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₅ correspond to the resistor R₄ in the first embodiment. When the switch SW13 is switched on and the other switches SW11, SW12 and SW14 are switched off, the resistors R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ correspond to the resistor R₃ in the first embodiment and the resistors R₁₄ and R₁₅ correspond to the resistor R₄ in the first embodiment. When the switch SW14 is switched on and the other switches SW11, SW12 and SW13 are switched off, the resistors R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ correspond to the resistor R₃ in the first embodiment and the resistor R₁₅ correspond to the resistor R₄ in the first embodiment.

Similarly, as shown in FIG. 10B, switches SW21 to SW24 are interposed between the second OP amplifier 3 and resistors R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄ and R₂₅ (second sense resistors). One end of each of the switches SW21 to SW24 is connected to a non-inverted input terminal of the second OP amplifier 3. The other ends of the switches SW21 to SW24 are connected between the resistors R₂₁ and R₂₂, between the resistors R₂₂ and R₂₃, between the resistors R₂₃ and R₂₄ and between the resistors R₂₄ and R₂₅, respectively. In this case, when the switches SW21 to SW24 are switched, the resistances of the second sense resistors can be changed.

Specifically, when the switch SW21 is switched on and the other switches SW22, SW23 and SW24 are switched off, the resistor R₂₁ corresponds to the resistor R₁ in the first embodiment and the resistors R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄ and R₂₅ correspond to the resistor R₂ in the first embodiment. When the switch SW22 is switched on and the other switches SW21, SW23 and SW24 are switched off, the resistors R₂₁ and R₂₂ correspond to the resistor R₁ in the first embodiment and the resistors R₂₃, R₂₄ and R₂₅ correspond to the resistor R₂ in the first embodiment. When the switch SW23 is switched on and the other switches SW21, SW22 and SW24 are switched off, the resistors R₂₁, R₂₂ and R₂₃ correspond to the resistor R₁ in the first embodiment and the resistors R₂₄ and R₂₅ correspond to the resistor R₂ in the first embodiment. When the switch SW24 is switched on and the other switches SW21, SW22 and SW23 are switched off, the resistors R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃ and R₂₄ correspond to the resistor R₁ in the first embodiment and the resistor R₂₅ correspond to the resistor R₂ in the first embodiment.

It is here noted that the resistors R₁₁ and R₂₁, the resistors R₁₂ and R₂₂, the resistors R₁₃ and R₂₃, the resistors R₁₄ and R₂₄ and the resistors R₁₅ and R₂₅ are configured with the common resistors R₃₁, R₃₂, R₃₃, R₃₄ and R₃₅ in the shunt circuit S2 shown in FIG. 9, respectively. The shunt circuit S2 can achieve variable resistors similar to the variable resistors R₁ and R₃ in the shunt circuit S1 according to the first embodiment, with the simpler configuration in which the switches SW31 to SW38 are switched as necessary.

A dotted line 22 shown in FIG. 9 indicates a range that may be mounted on an LSI (Large Scale Integration). Of course, the shunt resistor R_(shunt) may also be mounted on the LSI.

(Charging System)

FIG. 11 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system 120 according to the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 11, the charging system 120 according to the second embodiment includes a charging unit 10 generating the charging current I_(chg), a plurality of cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n) connected in series to the charging unit 10, and a plurality of shunt circuits S2_(—)1, S2_(—)2, S2_(—)3, . . . , S2_n−2, S2_n−1 and S2_n connected respectively in parallel to the plurality of cells C₁, C₂, C₃, . . . , C_(n-2), C_(n-1) and C_(n). The charging system of the second embodiment has the same configuration as that of the first embodiment except the internal configuration of the shunt circuits S2_(—)1, S2_(—)2, S2_(—)3, . . . , S2_n−2, S2_n−1 and S2_n.

FIG. 12 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the charging system 120 according to the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 12, the first OP amplifier 2 has a non-inverted input terminal connected to one end of each of the switches SW35 to SW38 and an inverted input terminal connected to a negative (−) terminal of the cell C₁ via the reference voltage generator 1. The second OP amplifier 3 has a non-inverted input terminal connected to one end of each of the switches SW31 to SW34 and an inverted input terminal connected to the negative (−) terminal of the cell C₁ via the shunt resistor R_(shunt). The other ends of the switches SW31 and SW35 are connected between the resistors R₃₁ and R₃₂, the other ends of the switches SW32 and SW36 are connected between the resistors R₃₂ and R₃₃, the other ends of the switches SW33 and SW37 are connected between the resistors R₃₃ and R₃₄, and the other ends of the switches SW34 and SW38 are connected between the resistors R₃₄ and R₃₅. The transistor 4 has a drain connected to a positive (+) terminal of the cell C₁, a source connected to the negative terminal of the cell C₁ via the shunt resistor R_(shunt), and a gate connected to an output terminal of the second OP amplifier 3.

The shunt circuit S2 of the second embodiment can achieve variable resistors similar to the variable resistors R₁ and R₃ in the shunt circuit S1 according to the first embodiment, with the simpler configuration in which the switches SW31 to SW38 are switched as necessary. The second embodiment is the same as the first embodiment in that, while increasing the detection voltage V_(chg) step by step, the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased whenever the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg).

As described above, the second embodiment simplifies the shunt circuit S1 of the first embodiment by configuring the first and second sense resistors with the common resistors R₃₁, R₃₂, R₃₃, R₃₄ and R₃₅. This configuration can reduce a current generated depending on the first and second sense resistors.

Although it has been illustrated in the second embodiment that the five resistors R₃₁, R₃₂, R₃₃, R₃₄ and R₃₅ are connected in series, it is to be understood that the number of resistors used is not limited thereto and more resistors provide more precise control.

Third Embodiment

A third embodiment will now be described with a stress placed on differences from the first and second embodiments.

(Shunt Circuit)

FIG. 13 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a shunt circuit S3 according to the third embodiment. The shunt circuit S3 according to the third embodiment includes a shunt resistor R_(shunt), a transistor 4 connected in parallel to a storage element C via the shunt resistor R_(shunt), and a second OP amplifier 3 that shunts the shunt current I_(shunt) from the charging current I_(chg) by driving the transistor 4 when the battery voltage V_(bat) supplied to the storage element C reaches a predetermined detection voltage V_(chg). Whenever the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg), the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased.

Specifically, the shunt circuit S3 includes second sense resistors R₁ and R₂ connected to an input terminal of the second OP amplifier 3. The shunt current I_(shunt) may be increased by changing the resistances of the second sense resistors R₁ and R₂.

As shown in FIG. 13, the shunt circuit S3 according to the third embodiment includes the second OP amplifier 3, the transistor 4, the resistors R₁ and R₂, the shunt resistor R_(shunt) and switches SW41 and SW42. When the switches SW41 and SW42 are switched on, the shunt circuit S3 is connected to an AD converter 5 and is controlled by a microcomputer 6.

A dotted line 23 shown in FIG. 13 indicates a range that may be mounted on an LSI. Of course, the shunt resistor R_(shunt) may also be mounted on the LSI. In addition, the LSI may be equipped with the AD converter 5 and the microcomputer 6 to act as a battery monitoring LSI.

(Charging System)

FIG. 14 is a schematic circuit block diagram of a charging system 130 according to the third embodiment. As shown in FIG. 14, in the charging system 130 according to the third embodiment, the AD converter 5 is connected to shunt circuits S3_(—)1, S3_(—)2, S3_(—)3, . . . , S3_n−2, S3_n−1 and S3_n and the microcomputer 6 is connected to the AD converter 5. With this configuration, the battery voltage V_(bat) is monitored by the AD converter 5 connected to the shunt circuits S3_(—)1, S3_(—)2, S3_(—)3, . . . , S3_n−2, S3_n−1 and S3_n and the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased under control of the microcomputer 6 based on a result of the monitoring.

FIG. 15 is a detailed schematic circuit block diagram of the charging system 130 according to the third embodiment. As shown in FIG. 15, the second OP amplifier 3 has a non-inverted input terminal connected to both terminals of the cell C₁ via the resistors R₁ and R₂ and an inverted input terminal connected to a negative (−) terminal of the cell C₁ via the shunt resistor R_(shunt). The transistor 4 has a drain connected to a positive (+) terminal of the cell C₁, a source connected to the negative terminal of the cell C₁ via the shunt resistor R_(shunt) and a gate connected to an output terminal of the second OP amplifier. The AD converter 5 is connected to both terminals of the cell C₁ via the switches SW41 and SW42.

The third embodiment is the same as the first embodiment in that, while increasing the detection voltage V_(chg) step by step, the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased whenever the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg). That is, when the switches SW41 and SW42 are switched on, the AD converter 5 monitors the battery voltage V_(bat). Then, when the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the detection voltage V_(chg), a detection signal is transmitted to the microcomputer 6. At this time, the detection voltage V_(chg) is increased. Upon receiving the detection signal, the microcomputer 6 drives the transistor 4, thereby allowing the shunt current I_(shunt) to flow out via the shunt resistor R_(shunt). Thereafter, when the battery voltage V_(bat) reaches the next detection voltage V_(chg), the AD converter 5 increases the detection voltage V_(chg) more. At this time, the microcomputer 6 increases the shunt current I_(shunt) by decreasing the resistance of the resistor R₁. Thereafter, the same step is repeated by the required number of times.

As described above, in the third embodiment, the battery voltage V_(bat) is monitored by the AD converter 5 connected to the shunt circuits S3_(—)1, S3_(—)2, S3_(—)3, . . . , S3_n−2, S3_n−1 and S3_n and the shunt current I_(shunt) is increased under control of the microcomputer 6 based on a result of the monitoring. Thus, it is possible to reduce the size of the shunt circuits S3 and perform a high degree of control.

As described above, the present disclosure can provide a shunt circuit, a charging system and an integrated circuit which can prevent cells from being overcharged.

Other Embodiments

As described above, although the present disclosure has been described with the first to third embodiments, the description and drawings which constitute a part of this disclosure are exemplary and should not be construed to limit the present disclosure. Various alternative embodiments, examples and operation techniques will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure.

Thus, the present disclosure includes various embodiments which are not described herein.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The shunt circuit, the charging system and the integrated circuit according to the present disclosure can be utilized in various devices and apparatuses using a storage element, such as automobiles, industrial equipment, power generators, mobile devices, UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply), power tools, etc.

Further, as the storage element, it is possible to use a lithium-ion battery cell, an electric double layer capacitor cell, a lithium ion capacitor cells, a SCiB cell and the like.

According to the present disclosure in some embodiments, it is possible to provide a shunt circuit, a charging system and an integrated circuit which can prevent cells from being overcharged.

While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosures. Indeed, the novel methods and apparatuses described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosures. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosures. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A shunt circuit comprising: a shunt resistor; a transistor connected in parallel to a storage element via the shunt resistor; a first OP amplifier configured to compare a battery voltage supplied to the storage element with a detection voltage; and a second OP amplifier configured to drive the transistor to shunt a shunt current from a charging current supplied from a charging unit when the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage, wherein the detection voltage is increased step by step, and the shunt current is increased whenever the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage.
 2. The shunt circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a first sense resistor connected to an input terminal of the first OP amplifier; and a second sense resistor connected to an input terminal of the second OP amplifier, wherein the detection voltage is increased by changing the resistance of the first sense resistor, and the shunt current is increased by changing the resistance of the second sense resistor.
 3. The shunt circuit of claim 2, wherein, assuming that the shunt current is I_(shunt), the resistance of the shunt resistor is R_(shunt), the battery voltage is V_(bat) and the resistances of the second sense resistors are R₁ and R₂, respectively, the shunt current (I_(shunt)) is increased according to the equation of I_(shunt)={[R₂/(R₁+R₂)]V_(bat)}/R_(shunt) by changing the resistance (R₁) of the second sense resistor.
 4. The shunt circuit of claim 2, wherein, assuming that the detection voltage is V_(chg), a reference voltage supplied to the first OP amplifier is V_(ref) and the resistances of the first sense resistors are R₃ and R₄, respectively, the detection voltage (V_(chg)) is increased according to the equation of V_(chg)=R4/(R3+R4)·V_(bat)=V_(ref) by changing the resistance (R₃) of the first sense resistor.
 5. The shunt circuit of claim 1, wherein the shunt resistor is connected to a source of the transistor.
 6. The shunt circuit of claim 2, wherein the first sense resistor and the second sense resistor are configured by a common resistor.
 7. A shunt circuit comprising: a shunt resistor; a transistor connected in parallel to a storage element via the shunt resistor; and a second OP amplifier configured to drive the transistor to shunt a shunt current from a charging current supplied from a charging unit when a battery voltage reaches a detection voltage, wherein the shunt current is increased whenever the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage.
 8. The shunt circuit of claim 7, further comprising: a second sense resistor connected to an input terminal of the second OP amplifier, wherein the shunt current is increased by changing the resistance of the second sense resistor.
 9. The shunt circuit of claim 7, wherein the shunt resistor is connected to a source of the transistor.
 10. The shunt circuit of claim 1, wherein the storage element is one selected from a group consisting of a lithium ion battery cell, an electric double layer capacitor cell, a lithium ion capacitor cell and a SCiB cell.
 11. A charging system comprising: a charging unit configured to generate a charging current; a plurality of storage elements connected in series to the charging unit; and a plurality of shunt circuits which are connected respectively in parallel to the plurality of storage cells, wherein each of the plurality of shunt circuits is configured to shunt a shunt current from the charging current when a battery voltage supplied to a storage element among the storage elements connected to the shunt circuit reaches a detection voltage, and increase the detection voltage step by step and increase the shunt current whenever the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage.
 12. The charging system of claim 11, wherein each of the shunt circuits includes: a shunt resistor; a transistor connected in parallel to the storage element via the shunt resistor; a first OP amplifier configured to compare the battery voltage with the detection voltage; a second OP amplifier configured to drive the transistor to shunt the shunt current from the charging current when the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage; a first sense resistor connected to an input terminal of the first OP amplifier; and a second sense resistor connected to an input terminal of the second OP amplifier, wherein the detection voltage is increased by changing the resistance of the first sense resistor, and the shunt current is increased by changing the resistance of the second sense resistor.
 13. The charging system of claim 12, wherein, assuming that the shunt current is I_(shunt), the resistance of the shunt resistor is R_(shunt), the battery voltage is V_(bat) and the resistances of the second sense resistors are R₁ and R₂, respectively, the shunt current (I_(shunt)) is increased according to the equation of I_(shunt)={[R₂/(R₁+R₂)]V_(bat)}/R_(shunt) by changing the resistance (R₁) of the second sense resistor.
 14. The charging system of claim 12, wherein, assuming that the detection voltage is V_(chg), a reference voltage supplied to the first OP amplifier is V_(ref) and the resistances of the first sense resistors are R₃ and R₄, respectively, the detection voltage (V_(chg)) is increased according to the equation of V_(chg)=R4/(R3+R4)·V_(bat)=V_(ref) by changing the resistance (R₃) of the first sense resistor.
 15. The charging system of claim 12, wherein the shunt resistor is connected to a source of the transistor.
 16. The charging system of claim 12, wherein the first sense resistor and the second sense resistor are configured by a common resistor.
 17. The charging system of claim 11, wherein each of the shunt circuits includes: a shunt resistor; a transistor connected in parallel to the storage element via the shunt resistor; a second OP amplifier configured to drive the transistor to shunt the shunt current from the charging current when the battery voltage reaches the detection voltage; and a second sense resistor connected to an input terminal of the second OP amplifier, wherein the shunt current is increased by changing the resistance of the second sense resistor.
 18. The charging system of claim 17, wherein the battery voltage is monitored by an AD converter connected to the shunt circuit and the shunt current is increased under control of a microcomputer based on a result of the monitoring.
 19. The charging system of claim 17, wherein the shunt resistor is connected to a source of the transistor.
 20. The charging system of claim 11, wherein the storage element is one selected from a group consisting of a lithium ion battery cell, an electric double layer capacitor cell, a lithium ion capacitor cell and a SCiB cell.
 21. An integrated circuit equipped with the shunt circuit of claim
 1. 